Middle East Obesity, Bariatric Surgery and Endocrinology Congress June 25-26, 2018 Dubai, UAE

Obesity is thought to affect both the CNS and the PNS. Obesity appears to negatively affect the CNS, particularly cognitive function. There is a strong association between obesity and dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. Obesity has been shown to double the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and a high body-mass index (BMI) is linked to increased risk of dementia. Similarly, individuals with severe obesity can suffer from a mild cognitive impairment. Negative effects of obesity on the PNS include autonomic dysfunction and polyneuropathy.  Polyneuropathy is defined as sensory loss, typically starting with the feet and eventually affecting the hands. One of the most common causes of polyneuropathy is type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle treatments include dietary modifications and exercise and have proven effective at improving metabolic and cognitive function.

Neuroendocrinology is the branch of medicine concerned with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrinology system. The nervous and endocrine systems often act together to regulate the physiologic processes of the human body.

Human endocrine working has a strong foundation in the CNS, under the direction of the hypothalamus, which has coordinate control over the pituitary organ. The pituitary gland has two major lobes the anterior lobes (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe called neurohypophysis.  The pituitary gland sometimes called master gland.

Circadian rhythms in human follow a near 24hrs cycle and may influence a variety of regulatory function, including the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature direction example of action, for example, eating and drinking, hormone discharge. This is because of the pacemaker in the cerebrum which gets projections of light through the retina and invigorates electrical impulses to neurotransmitters for various functions.

Obesity is a chronic condition in which excess body fat has accumulated in the body. obesity is defined by using the body mass index(BMI). People with a body mass index over 30 are considered obese. Obesity increases the risk for heart disease. It can lead to diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, and other chronic illnesses. Obesity has also been linked to increased risk for a number of cancers. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Obesity occurs when people regularly eat more calories than they burn. The cause of obesity includes a lack of physical activity and sleep. Body weight is the result of a combination of influences genetic, metabolic, behavioral, environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic influences. Therefore behavioral and environmental factors provide the greatest "opportunity'' for action and intervention.

Childhood obesity is a serious therapeutic condition that is affecting children and adolescents.  Children at or above the 95th percentile have obesity.  Many obese children become obese adults, especially if one or both parents are obese. The early physical impacts of obesity in adolescence incorporate, the greater part of the child’s organs being influenced, hepatitis, sleep apnoea, gallstones and increased intracranial pressure. Childhood obesity can also results in severe conditions including diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep problems, cancer, and other disorders like liver disease, early puberty or menarche, eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, skin infections, and asthma and other respiratory problems. Childhood obesity is prevented by choosing healthier foods and limiting unhealthy foods. Physical activity is also very important for reducing childhood obesity.

Obesity in pregnancy can affect health later in life for both mother and child. Gaining too much weight during pregnancy or being overweight or obese, is also risky. Obesity during pregnancy increases the risk of various pregnancy complications, Such as Gestational diabetes, Preeclampsia, Infection and Pregnancy loss. Children born to overweight or obese mothers have higher rates of childhood obesity and childhood metabolic syndrome. Losing weight before you become pregnant is the best way to decrease the risk of problems caused by obesity. Obese women have an increased risk of miscarriage compared with women of normal weight. Babies born to obese women have an increased risk of having birth defects, such as heart defects and neural tube defects. Macrosomia—In this syndrome, the child is larger than average. This can enhance the risk of the child being injured during birth.  Macrosomia also enhance the risk of caesarean delivery. Infants born with excess amount of body fat have a greater chance of being obese later in life. Losing weight before becoming the pregnant is the best way to reduce the risk of problems caused by obesity. 

Obesity is very heritable. Obesity can be a complicating disorder resulting from the interactions of a wide variety of hereditary and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. One gene mutation, the melanocortin 4 receptor, may be responsible for tens of thousands of cases of obesity. Monogenic type of genetic mutation can result in severe forms of obesity that run in families. Occurrences of monogenic kinds of overweight are evidence that obesity may be caused by genetic mutations. The most common forms of obesity are probably the result of variations within a large number of genes.

The most common causes of obesity and overweight are eating excessive fat containing foods and lack of nutritional intake.  Good nutrition, physical activity, and a healthy body weight are essential parts of a person’s overall health and well-being. Together, these can help decrease a person’s risk of developing serious health conditions, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and cancer. A healthful diet, regular physical activity, and achieving and maintaining a healthy weight also are paramount to managing health conditions so they do not worsen over time.

Obesity is particularly associated with an enhanced risk of developing Diabetes Mellitus 2. Both being overweight with enhanced abdominal fat and being obese is thought to contribute about 80 to 90 per cent of all DM2 development. Women with a BMI of 23 to 25 have a four-fold higher risk of type 2 diabetes than those with a BMI less than 20. Without the intercession of a healthy diet and proper exercise, obesity can lead to type 2 diabetes over a generally short period of time. The good news is that decreasing your body weight, by even a small amount, can help improve your body's insulin sensitivity and reduce your risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and types of cancer.

Obesity is a risk marker for cardiovascular disease. The major effects of obesity on cardiovascular (CV) health are mediated through the risk of metabolic syndrome (insulin-resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension), such that an absence of these risk factors in obese individuals may not be associated with increased mortality risk. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality as well as reduced life and expectancy.  Men are apt to develop visceral type obesity while women develop the peripheral type. Corticosteroids and growth hormone also tend to develop visceral obesity.

A combination of more physical activity and a suitable nutrient rich but energy controlled diet is recommended for overweight or obese adults who wish to lose weight. Regular physical activity reduces the risk for many diseases, helps control weight and strengthens muscles, bones and joints. People are dependent on high fat and calorie, exceptionally attractive and modest sustenance. Behaviour is one of the elements affecting weight pick up. Learned practices like utilizing edibles to express love, eating by overlooking body signals prompt weight.

The optimal diet for prevention of weight gain, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes is fat-reduced, fibre-rich, high in low-energy density carbohydrates (fruit, vegetables, and whole grain products), and intake of energy-containing drinks is restricted. Weight management emphasize the importance of healthy eating patterns that include a variety of nutrient dense foods, limit portions of energy dense foods, and reduce overall energy density. Weight loss is achieved by negative energy balance. This in turn is attained in most by reduction in calorie intake rather than an increase in physical activity.

Yoga and Neuropathy give a healthy approach in treatment of obesity and comprehensive wellbeing. With yoga and naturopathy, it is easy to lose weight and maintain a healthy lifestyle, beneficial for physical and mental health. Yoga postures like Asanas, Pranayama, meditation and relaxation strategies are useful for weight reduction, decreasing of muscle versus fat and weight management. Shedding of overabundance fat and accomplishing perfect body can be accomplished by honing yoga. Naturopathy treats food as medicine and diet is an integral part of naturopathic treatments. Naturopathy provides a good diet and way of life counsel alongside a treatment timetable to diminish weight and tone up the body.

Prosperity specialists like dieticians, direct counsel or a bulkiness power to appreciate and take off enhancements in eating and activity penchants. All weight programs require changes in eating Disorders and extended physical activity. The treatment systems that are right depends endless supply of heaviness, general prosperity and capability of individual to understand weight lessening masterminds.

An obese woman is about thrice as liable to be infertile as an normal woman. Obese woman have a lower possibility of pregnancy as well as have bring down shot following in vitro treatment. They require higher measurements of gonadotropins and have an expanded unsuccessful labor rate. Whenever possible, pregnancy should be delayed till weight loss stabilises for 12 – 24 months after surgery.  Weight loss is one of the corner stone to achieve a healthy pregnancy and child birth.

Bariatric surgery is an operation that is performed keeping in mind the end goal to enable such people to get in shape. Bariatric surgery is to confine sustenance admission and diminishing the retention of nourishment in the stomach and digestion tracts. There are different sorts of bariatric surgeries that can be performed are  Flexible Gastric Banding (AGB), Roux-en-Y Gastric sidestep (RYGB),Biliopancreatic redirection with a Duodenal Switch (BPD-DS) and Vertical Sleeve gastrectomy (VSG).

Endocrinology is the study of hormones. Hormones are essential for our every-day survival. Hormones control our temperature, sleep, mood, stress, growth and more. The endocrine system is assessed primarily by measuring hormone concentrations. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the physiological or behavioural activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement, reproduction, and sensory perception caused by hormones. The endocrine system may have several glands in all parts of the body those secretes hormones. These hormones are responsible for performing several important functions in our body. if the behavior of hormones is not correct means it leads to cause  hormonal imbalance , due to hormonal imbalance the endocrine glands can leads to cause several diseases like Diabetes , thyroid ,…etc.

The endocrine framework directs and keep up different body works by integrating discharging hormones, synthetic dispatchers. The real regions of control and combination are: Responses to stress and damage, development. Development, assimilation of supplements, energy metabolism, water and electrolyte adjust. Reproduction, birth and lactation.

Pediatric endocrinology deals with endocrine-related conditions in children which also includes type 1 and type 2 diabetes, growth disorders, obesity,  thyroid and adrenal problems, problems of puberty and many more. It also related to other conditions which are related to hormones. In children, their psychological needs are different from those of adults. Pediatric endocrinologists have pervasive training and proficiency in dealing with children and in treating children with endocrine disorders and hormonal problems.

Clinical endocrinology deals with the study of endocrine system its function, diseases and abnormalities related to a patient. The endocrine system is defined that the organs in the body which further release hormones that use to regulate many of the body’s functions, like testes & ovaries, pancreas, the pituitary gland, and thyroid gland. The individuals which are specialized in clinical endocrinology are highly trained physicians. Extra Specialized topics, on which clinical endocrinology concentrates, like thyroid disorders, hormone disorders of various types can be treated by endocrinologists. Problems while oestrogen of progesterone production in the female body may cause symptoms like decreased fertility. Some endocrinologists specialized in fertility medicine.